[Fig. 2]
But the same would be true of the relation between A and B; that is,
B, being good for C and for D, is also good for A. Or, as similar
reasoning would hold throughout the figure, all the arrows appearing
there should be supplied with heads at both ends. And there is one
further correction. A is good for B and for C; that is, A is good for
C. The same relation should also be indicated between B and D. So that
to render our diagram complete it would be necessary to supply it with
two diagonal arrows having double heads. It would then assume the
following form.
[Fig. 3]
Here is a picture of intrinsic goodness. In this figure we have a
whole represented in which every part is good for every other part.
But this is merely a pictorial statement of the definition which Kant
once gave of an organism. By an organism he says, we mean that
assemblage of active and differing parts in which each part is both
means and end. Extrinsic goodness, the relation of means to end, we
have expressed in our diagram by the pointed arrow. But as soon as we
filled in the gap between D and A each arrow was obliged to point in
two directions. We had an organic whole instead of a lot of external
adjustments. In such a whole each part has its own function to
perform, is active; and all must differ from one another, or there
would be mere repetition and aggregation instead of organic
supplementation of end by means.
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